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8. Sudhoffs Arch. 1999;83(2):171-90.
[Knowledge of the "Gräfenberg zone" and female ejaculation in ancient Indian sexual science. A medical history contribution]
[Article in German]
Syed R.
Institut für Indologie und Iranistik der Universität München.
Abstract
Ancient Indian texts in sexology (kamaśastra) from the 11th century onwards prove that their authors knew about the area later termed the « Gräfenberg zone » in Europe, as well as about the female ejaculation connected with the stimulation of this area. The Gräfenberg zone is a sexually arousable zone in the front part of the vagina, stimulation of which can lead to the discharge of liquid from the urethra, a phenomenon which is described as female ejaculation. The german gynaecologist Ernst Gräfenberg, who worked in America, described this zone, situated beneath the clitoris, for the first time (at least in this century) in Western medicine in an article published in 1950. (There are, however, evidences, that the 17th-century anatomist Regnier de Graaf had knowledge about the mentioned erogenous zone as well as female ejaculation.) Since the 1980s the so-called Gräfenberg zone, popularly termed « G-spot », and female ejaculation have been controversially discussed medically as well as in popular science, first in the United States, then in Europe; both phenomena have meanwhile been accepted as facts in medical manuals and reference books (e.g. the « Pschyrembel »). Whereas the oldest and most well-known sexological-erotological work of Ancient India, the Kamasutra, dating probably from the third century A.D., apparently did not know the Gräfenberg zone and female ejaculation, texts such as the Pañcasayaka (11th century), Jayamangala (Yaśodhara’s commentary on the Kamasutra from the 13th century), the Ratirahasya (13th century), as well as the late kamaśastra-works Smaradipika and Anangaranga (16th century?) demonstrably describe both, the Gräfenberg zone and female ejaculation, in great detail. The female ejaculation is described already in the 7th century in a non-kamaśastra-text, in a work of the poet Amaru called the Amaruśataka.
PMID: 10705806 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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7. Aten Primaria. 2000 Oct 31;26(7):509-10.
[Prevalence of female ejaculation. A failed study]
[Article in Spanish]
Ramos Brieva JA. Free Article
PMID: 11268555 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Related citations
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6. Aten Primaria. 2001 Feb 28;27(3):208-9.
[Data about prevalence of female ejaculation]
[Article in Spanish]
Ramos Brieva JA. Free Article
PMID: 11265525 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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5. Harefuah. 2007 Feb;146(2):145-7, 163.
[G-spot and female ejaculation: fiction or reality?]
[Article in Hebrew]
Rabinerson D, Horowitz E.
Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva.
Abstract
The G-spot is an ill-defined region, located on the anterior vaginal wall, in its upper outer third, suggested by Ernst Grafenberg, and commemorates the first letter of his name. This area is sensitive to tactile touch, which, when applied, is claimed to result in an intense female orgasm. The G-spot is thought to be the vaginal part that lies beneath the posterior part of the « female prostatic gland », which, when stimulated, results in female ejaculation during orgasm. G-spot and female ejaculation have been studied intensively during the last 50 years and there is scientific (anatomical and biochemical) evidence for their existence. However, this evidence has been challenged, and the debate regarding the existence of the G-spot and female ejaculation as true clinical entities is still ongoing.
PMID: 17352286 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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4. J Sex Med. 2007 Nov;4(6):1655-8. Epub 2007 Jul 18.
Do women with female ejaculation have detrusor overactivity?
Cartwright R, Elvy S, Cardozo L.
King’s College Hospital, London, UK. rufus.cartwright@gmail.com
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Questionnaire surveys suggest that 40-54% of women have experienced an expulsion of fluid at orgasm. Some of these women have coital incontinence, whereas others identify the fluid passed as female ejaculate. AIM: To assess whether women who have experienced female ejaculation have detrusor overactivity or the bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms associated with coital incontinence. METHODS: We recruited six women who self-identified as having experienced female ejaculation and six controls who had not. Each woman completed a 3-day bladder diary and two validated bladder questionnaires: the Urgency Perception Scale (UPS) and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ). Each woman underwent short provocative ambulatory urodynamics, a modified form of urodynamics, with a high sensitivity for detrusor overactivity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of detrusor overactivity, 24-hour urinary frequency, IIQ and UPS scores. RESULTS: No woman in either group had detrusor overactivity. The bladder diaries and questionnaire results were within the normal range for all women. CONCLUSION: Women who experience female ejaculation may have normal voiding patterns, no bothersome incontinence symptoms, and no demonstrable detrusor overactivity. Women who report female ejaculation, in the absence of other lower urinary tract symptoms, do not require further investigation, and may be reassured that it is an uncommon, but physiological, phenomenon.
PMID: 17634057 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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3. J Sex Marital Ther. 2009 Oct;35(5):337-46.
An electrophysiologic study of female ejaculation.
Shafik A, Shafik IA, El Sibai O, Shafik AA.
Department of Surgery and Experimental Research, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. shafik@ahmedshafik.com
Abstract
Opinions vary over whether female ejaculation exists or not. We investigated the hypothesis that female orgasm is not associated with ejaculation. Thirty-eight healthy women were studied. The study comprised of glans clitoris electrovibration with simultaneous recording of vaginal and uterine pressures as well as electromyography of corpus cavernous and ischio- and bulbo-cavernosus muscles. Glans clitoris electrovibration was continued until and throughout orgasm. Upon glans clitoris electrovibration, vaginal and uterine pressures as well as corpus cavernous electromyography diminished until a full erection occurred when the silent cavernosus muscles were activated. At orgasm, the electromyography of ischio-and bulbo-cavernosus muscles increased intermittently. The female orgasm was not associated with the appearance of fluid coming out of the vagina or urethra.
PMID: 20183002 [PubMed - in process]
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2. Med Hypotheses. 2009 Dec;73(6):1069-71. Epub 2009 Sep 18.
Does female ejaculation serve an antimicrobial purpose?
Moalem S, Reidenberg JS.
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mail Box 1007, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA. sharon.moalem@utoronto.ca
Abstract
Women have glandular tissue below the bladder and surrounding the urethra that appears to be homologous to the male prostate. This tissue (also called « female prostate » or Skene’s glands) appears to the source of a viscous, white secretion, which exits from the urethra upon sexual stimulation in some women. Analysis of this secretion (also known as « female ejaculate »), and comparison with pre-coital urine from the same women, revealed that its composition was unlike urine and often contained components also found in male seminal fluid (minus the sperm). The female ejaculate had lower levels of creatinine, but had elevated levels of prostate specific antigen, prostatic acidic phosphatase, prostate specific acid phosphatase, and glucose. The functional importance of female ejaculate has yet to be fully elucidated. It is possible that retention of a prostatic tissue homolog and its glandular secretion in women is merely a vestige of development and differentiation from an embryonic, gender-neutral body plan. We hypothesize that female ejaculation has a unique function in producing a secretion into the urethra that provides protection from urinary tract infections (UTIs). We further predict that female ejaculate contains antimicrobial compounds including elements such as zinc. We also hypothesize that retention of prostatic tissue and an ability to ejaculate its glandular secretion were maintained in women because these traits provided an evolutionary advantage. Specifically: (1) women who could ejaculate antimicrobial secretions into the urethra were less likely to suffer UTIs (particularly coitus-induced UTIs), (2) women without UTIs were more likely to be receptive to coitus at a greater frequency, (3) women engaging in frequent coitus were more likely to become pregnant, and (4) women who became pregnant often were more likely to successfully reproduce the species.
PMID: 19766406 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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1. J Sex Med. 2010 May;7(5):1965-75. Epub 2010 Mar 2.
The history of female ejaculation.
Korda JB, Goldstein SW, Sommer F.
Institute of Men’s Health, Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. korda@gmx.net
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The existence of female ejaculation and the female prostate is controversial; however, most scientists are not aware that historians of medicine and psychology described the phenomenon of female ejaculation approximately 2,000 years ago. AIM: To review historical literature in which female ejaculation is described. METHODS: A comprehensive systematic literature review. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Emission of fluid at the acme of orgasm and/or sexual pleasure in females was considered as a description of female ejaculation and therefore all documents referring to this phenomenon are included. RESULTS: Physicians, anatomists, and psychologists in both eastern and western culture have described intellectual concepts of female ejaculation during orgasm. In ancient Asia female ejaculation was very well known and mentioned in several Chinese Taoist texts starting in the 4th century. The ancient Chinese concept of female ejaculation as independent of reproduction was supported by ancient Indian writings. First mentioned in a 7th century poem, female ejaculation and the Gräfenberg spot (G-spot) are described in detail in most works of the Kāmaśāstra. In ancient Western writings the emission of female fluid is mentioned even earlier, depicted about 300 B.C. by Aristotle and in the 2nd century by Galen. Reinjier De Graaf in the 16th century provided the first scientific description of female ejaculation and was the first to refer to the periurethral glands as the female prostate. This concept was held by other scientists during the following centuries through 1952 A.D. when Ernst Gräfenberg reported on « The role of the urethra in female orgasm. Current research provides insight into the anatomy of the female prostate and describes female ejaculation as one of its functions. CONCLUSIONS: Credible evidence exists among different cultures that the female prostate and female ejaculation have been discovered, described and then forgotten over the last 2,000 years.
PMID: 20233286 [PubMed - in process]
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